To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in leaf and grain were measured. Results showed that the INTERACTION of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf and grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf and grain Zn and leaf Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of leaf and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc leaf and grains, but the Si concentration of leaf and grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in leaf and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

Background: The eye is one of the most vital organs of human body, and glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness after cataracts in the world. However, glaucoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness. The main objective of this study is to investigate intraocular pressure (IOP), stress, strain, and deformation in the retina in early stages of glaucoma. Methods: In this study, a model of the human eye is numerically investigated. The aqueous humor pressure is considered as 30, 35, and 40 mmHg and compared with normal eye pressure. The problem is considered as transient 3D and accurate. Comparison between obtained results shows that the model has been applied. Eye components are also considered with their real properties. Due to the inappreciable effects of turbulence and temperature variation, these effects have been neglected. To determine the pressure field, a two-way fluidstructure INTERACTION is applied, and then, the results are used in a one-way fluidstructure INTERACTION to determine the amount of stress, strain, and deformation of the retina. Results: The maximum deformation in the retina of a glaucoma patient is about 0. 33 mm higher than a normal eye, the maximum stress is about 1, 300 Pa higher than a normal eye, and the maximum strain is about 0. 06 higher than a normal eye. Conclusion: In patients with increased IOP, the amount of deformation in the retina has increased, and the maximum deformation occurs near the optic disc in all cases. Furthermore, maximum stress and maximum strain occur at the place of maximum deformation.

Few analytical approaches have been proposed so far for solving FluidStructure INTERACTION (FSI) problems in the literature. In fact, FSI is generally so complicated that its analytical solution remains almost unavailable. Inspired by this fact, here an analytical methodology is presented for modeling steady-state FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION problems in axisymmetric domains. For this purpose, the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow of the incompressible viscous fluid, and the linear elasticity equations for the deformation of the solid structure are expressed in axisymmetric coordinates. Appropriate boundary conditions are also employed that are capable of coupling the fluid and solid domains by imposing kinematic and dynamic constraints on the FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION interface. The set of fluid and structure equations are solved by MATLAB symbolic toolbox. The accuracy of the presented analytical approach is verified in two different ways. First, by specializing the results for the simple case of a thick cylindrical pressure vessel, second, by comparing the analytical results for flow through a nozzle with numerical results obtained by ANSYS/CFX simulation. Variation of the stress components is obtained in the nozzle wall. The results of the analytical approach are in good agreement with those of the numerical modeling. The proposed methodology can be used for fast yet efficient solution of FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION problems in axisymmetric configuration.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The INTERACTION with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).